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Fish-reproduction

Nearly all fish reproduce by amphimixis - the fusion of sperm produced from testes and eggs produced from ovaries. ... Fertilization is external in most fish species. Large quantities of eggs and sperm are simultaneously released into the water by females and males. This process of egg release is termed Spawning. Fishes display a large number of reproductive strategies. They are poikilotherms with indeterminate growth, and thus environment influences the energetic balance and therefore the existing trade-offs between growth and reproduction that optimize reproductive success. These trade-offs strongly influence the temporal pattern of reproduction: timing of sexual maturation, the periodicity of the reproductive cycle and spawning seasonality. These patterns are also connected with parental features (especially maternal size) given the indeterminacy of growth. Fisheries are a major cause of Mortality, it is essentially size selective and exerts an important impact in the population dynamics and in the reproductive resilience.