Abstract

Cloning: Concepts, Techniques, and Applications in Modern Biology

Author(s): Olivia R. Bennett

Cloning is a fundamental technique in molecular biology and biotechnology that involves the production of genetically identical copies of biological material. It plays a critical role in basic research, medicine, agriculture, and industrial biotechnology. Cloning can be performed at different levels, including gene cloning, reproductive cloning, and therapeutic cloning, each serving distinct scientific purposes. Advances in molecular and cellular technologies have significantly improved the efficiency and precision of cloning methods. This article provides an overview of cloning, focusing on its underlying principles, major techniques, and practical applications, while also addressing ethical and societal considerations associated with cloning research.