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, Volume: 21( 4)Nano-structured super catalytical clays for production of biodiesel from peach waste oil
Youssef El-Sayed* Department of Physical Chemistry, Alexandria University, Egypt *Corresponding author: Youssef El-Sayed, Alexandria University, Egypt, E-Mail: y.elsayed@alexu.edu.eg Received: January 6, 2025; Accepted: January 12, 2025; Published: January 22, 2025
Abstract
Biodiesel was determined as a good friendly and alternative source of petroleum diesels which are non-renewable. Mostly homogeneous catalysts were used to convert biodiesel from fatty acids of different feed stocks but for higher yield of biodiesel heterogeneous catalysts are more attention because of their good characters like reusability and not production of waste water. However, nowadays nano catalysts have good quality and characters with different support composite. Present research experiments were investigated production of biodiesel having good quality parameters which has the similar characters like biodiesel international standards. Seeds of two types of fruits Prunus persica was collected from local market, fruit and juice shops. There were following steps: feedstock drying, raw material grindings, extraction of oil from dried seeds, filtration of oil, oil refined by charcoal, dehydration of oil with sodium sulfate and vacuumed filtration. Nano catalysts of zeolite with different clays composites were used to produce biodiesel. The calcinized composite of Bentonite clay with zeolite is the best catalyst to produced biodiesel because it has suitable pore distribution, higher surface area and larger surface area. When catalyst is combined into support, and structural qualities of catalysts are effected. Three parameters of transterification were varied the biodiesel yield i.e., concentration of catalyst, reaction time and reaction temperature at same methanol ration and same stirring intensity. It was detected that peach oil gave maximum yield of 99.1% respectively with 0.3% catalyst of Bentonite-Zeolite calcinized composite at 600C and at optimized reaction time was 4 hours for maximum biodiesel yield. Different physical quality parameters were observed i.e., pH ,specific gravity, density, iodine value, saponification value, cetane number, cloud point and pour point and acid value by varies reactions. GC-MS analysis was used to characterize the composition of biodiesel samples. FTIR and SEM/EDX analysis were used to check the composition of nano-catalysts with support composites.
Abstract Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful technique for probing electrochemical systems. This article reviews EIS theory, data interpretation, and applications in batteries and corrosion studies. Electrochemical cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy through redox reactions. This article examines cell components, operating principles, and performance parameters. Applications in energy storage, conversion, and sensing are highlighted. Cyclic voltammetry is one of the most widely used electrochemical techniques for studying redox reactions. This article discusses its principles, interpretation, and applications in material characterization and sensing. Emphasis is placed on reaction reversibility, peak analysis, and kinetic information extraction.Corrosion electrochemistry examines the degradation of materials through electrochemical reactions with their environment. This article explores fundamental corrosion mechanisms, thermodynamic and kinetic aspects, and modern electrochemical techniques used for corrosion analysis. Strategies for corrosion prevention, including inhibitors and protective coatings, are discussed with industrial relevance. Conductive electrolytes serve as the ion-transport medium in electrochemical systems, directly influencing efficiency, stability, and safety. This article reviews the development of liquid, polymer, and solid-state conductive electrolytes, highlighting their physicochemical properties and electrochemical performance. The role of ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability windows, and compatibility with electrode materials is discussed. Emerging electrolyte systems are evaluated for their potential in next-generation batteries and sensors. Charge transfer resistance is a critical parameter governing the efficiency of electrochemical reactions at electrode–electrolyte interfaces. This article examines the theoretical foundations, measurement techniques, and practical implications of charge transfer resistance in diverse electrochemical systems. Emphasis is placed on its role in batteries, fuel cells, and corrosion processes. Factors such as electrode material composition, surface morphology, and electrolyte properties are discussed in detail. Understanding and minimizing charge transfer resistance is essential for enhancing electrochemical device performance. Keywords: Cyclic voltammetry, Redox reactions, Electrochemical analysis, Electrochemical cells, Redox reactions, Energy conversion Citation: Youssef El-Sayed. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for Interface Characterization. Res Rev Electrochem. 2023;13(1):257. © 2019 Trade Science Inc. Introduction EIS measures system response to small AC perturbations (1). It provides insight into charge transfer and diffusion processes (2). EIS is widely used in battery diagnostics (3). Equivalent circuit modeling enhances interpretation (4). Advances improve resolution and accuracy (5). Electrochemical cells consist of electrodes, electrolytes, and external circuits enabling controlled redox reactions (1). Cell efficiency depends on electrode kinetics and ionic transport (2). Different cell configurations serve diverse applications (3). Advances in materials science have enhanced cell performance (4). Understanding cell fundamentals is critical for innovation (5). Cyclic voltammetry provides valuable information about electrochemical reactions by monitoring current response as a function of applied potential (1). It is widely used to characterize electrode materials and reaction mechanisms (2). Peak shapes and separations reveal kinetic and thermodynamic parameters (3). The technique has been instrumental in battery research and sensor development (4). Advances in instrumentation continue to expand its analytical capabilities (5). Corrosion is an electrochemical process involving anodic metal dissolution and cathodic reduction reactions (1). It poses significant economic and safety challenges across industries (2). Electrochemical techniques such as polarization studies provide insights into corrosion kinetics and mechanisms (3). Environmental factors, including pH and ionic composition, strongly influence corrosion behavior (4). Advances in electrochemical analysis have enabled more effective corrosion mitigation strategies (5). Electrolytes play a fundamental role in electrochemical devices by enabling ionic transport between electrodes (1). Traditional liquid electrolytes offer high conductivity but pose safety and leakage concerns (2). Polymer and solid-state electrolytes have emerged as promising alternatives, providing improved thermal stability and mechanical robustness (3). The conductivity of electrolytes depends on ion mobility, solvation effects, and structural characteristics (4). Recent research focuses on tailoring electrolyte composition to enhance conductivity while maintaining electrochemical stability (5). Conclusion EIS is indispensable for understanding electrochemical interfaces. Its continued development will support advanced diagnostics and material optimization. Electrochemical cells underpin modern energy and sensing technologies. Optimizing their design remains essential for achieving higher efficiency and durability. Cyclic voltammetry remains a cornerstone technique in electrochemistry. Its versatility and simplicity make it indispensable for both fundamental research and applied electrochemical studies. Understanding corrosion electrochemistry is essential for developing durable materials and protective technologies. Electrochemical diagnostics combined with innovative coatings and inhibitors offer effective solutions to minimize corrosion-related losses. Through careful electrode design and electrolyte selection, it is possible to significantly reduce kinetic barriers and improve device efficiency. Continued research combining experimental diagnostics and theoretical modeling will enable more precise control of interfacial charge transfer processes. Advances in batteries and energy storage systems are fundamentally linked to progress in electrochemistry. Improvements in electrode materials, electrolytes, and interface stability continue to push the limits of performance and reliability. As energy demands grow and sustainability becomes a global priority, electrochemical energy storage will remain a critical research focus. Future developments will depend on interdisciplinary collaboration that integrates electrochemical theory with practical engineering solutions. 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