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Original Article

, Volume: 15( 1)

D-Radius and D-Diameter of Some Families of Graphs

*Correspondence:
Reddy Babu D Department of Mathematics(PPMat089), Rayalaseema University, Kurnool, India, Tel: +919441752543; E-mail: reddybabu17@gmail.com

Received: March 20, 2017 Accepted: April 10, 2017 Published: April 12, 2017

Citation: Reddy Babu D, Varma LNP. D-Radius and D-Diameter of Some Families of Graphs. Int J Chem Sci. 2017;15(1):116.

Abstract

The D-distance between vertices of a graph is obtained by considering the path lengths and as well as the degrees of vertices present on the path. In this article, we study the D-radius and D-diameter of some families of graphs with respect to D-distance. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 05C12.

Keywords

D-distance; D-radius; D-diameter

Introduction

By a graph G=(V, E), we mean a finite undirected graph without loops and multiple edges. The concept of distance is one of the important concepts in study of graphs. It is used in isomorphism testing, graph operations, Hamilton city problems, extremal problems on connectivity and diameter, convexity in graphs etc. Distance is the basis of many concepts of symmetry in graphs [1].

In an earlier article authors introduced the concept of D-distance [2], by considering not only path length between vertices, but also the degrees of all vertices present in a path while defining the D-distance.

Preliminaries

Throughout this article, by a graph G(V, E) or simply G, we mean a non-trivial, finite, undirected graph without multiple edges and loops. Further all graphs we consider are connected [3].

Definition 2.1: If u, v are vertices of a connected graph G the D-length P of a u-v path S is defined as l(s)=d(u, v)+deg(u)+deg(v)+ deg(w) where sum runs over all intermediate vertices w of s.

Definition 2.2: (D-distance). The D − distance dD (u,v) between two vertices u,v of a connected graph G is defined as are distinct and where the minimum is taken over all u − v paths s in G .

Definition 2.3: The D-eccentricity of any vertex v, eD (v) , is defined as the maximum distance from v to any other vertex,

Definition 2.4: Any vertex u for which is called D eccentric vertex of v . Further, a vertex u is said to be D eccentric vertex of G if it is the D − eccentric vertex of some vertex.

Definition 2.5: The D-radius, denoted by rD (G) , is the minimum D-eccentricity among all vertices of G i.e., Similarly the D-diameter, dD (G) is the maximum D-eccentricity among all vertices of G.

Definition 2.6: The D-center of G, CD (G) , is the sub graph induced by the set of all vertices of minimum D− eccentricity. A graph is called D-self-centered if CD(G) = G or equivalently rD (G) = dD(G). Similarly, the set of all vertices of maximum D-eccentricity is the D-periphery of G.

D-radius and D-diameter of families of graphs

There are some graphs for which D-radius and D-diameter are same, i.e., they are D-self-centered.

Theorem 3.1: For Complete graph, , Kn on n vertices

Proof: In complete graph Kn , degree of each vertex is n − 1.Thus D-distance between any two vertices is 1+ n-1+ n-1= 2n-1. Thus D-eccentricity of every vertex is 2n -1. Hence D-radius and D-diameter of Kn equal and is equal to 2n -1.

Theorem 3.2: For cycle graph, Cn ,with n vertices we have

Proof: In cycle graph Cn, degree of each vertex is 2. the D-distance between the vertices is given below. We will consider even and odd cases separately.

Case 1: When n is even, the D-distance in Cn are as below.

 
0 5 8 8 5
5 0 5 11 8
8 5 0 14 11
0 5 8 11 14
5 0 5 8 11
8 5 0 5 8
11 8 5 0 5
14 11 8 5 0
8 11 14 0 5
5 8 11 5 0

Table 1. D-eccentricity of every vertex is . Hence the D- radius and D-diameter is same, if n is even.

Case 2: When n is odd, the D-distance in Cn are as below

 
0 5 8 8 5
5 0 5 11 5
8 5 0 14 11
0 5 8 11
5 0 5 8
8 5 0 5
11 8 5 0
8 11 14 0 5
5 8 11 5 0

Table 2. D-eccentricities of each vertex is , if n is odd.

Hence D-radius and D-diameter is same. Thus

Next, we calculate D-radius and D-diameter of some families of graphs

Theorem 3.3: for complete biaparted graph we have

Proof: Without loss of generality assume that (m ≥ n) . N complete biparted graph Km,n degree of the vertices v1,v2,v3....vm is n and degree u1,u2,u3....un of the vertices m . Thus

if if

Therefore, and Hence the D-radius of Km,n is m + 2(n +1) and D-diameter of Km,n is n + 2(m + 1).

Theorem 3.4: For star graph,

Proof: In star graph, stn,1 the degree of central vertex is n and degree of remaining vertices is 1. The D-distance from central vertex to other vertices is n + 2 and the D-distance between all other vertices is n + 4 Therefore the minimum Deccentricity is n + 2 and the maximum D-eccentricity is n + 4 Hence the D-radius of stn,1 is n + 2 of n + 4

Theorem 3.4: For path graph Pn , on n vertices (n ≥ 3) we have and Further

Proof: In path graph Pn , degree of end vertices is 1 and remaining vertices of degree is 2.

For Thus the D-eccentricity of each vertex is 3. Hence the D-radius and D-diameter of P2 are same and equal to 3.

Next consider path graph with n ≥ 3. we can consider even and odd cases separately, in this case the D-distance between vertices are as given below.

Case 1: When n is odd, the D-distance in Pn are as below

 
0 4 7 3n-5 3n-3
4 0 5 3n-7 3n-5
7 5 0 3n-10 3n-7
0 5 8
5 0 5
8 5 0
3n-5 3n-7 3n-10 0 4
3n-3 3n-5 3n-7 4 0

Table 3. D-eccentricities are

Thus the maximum D-eccentricity of Pn is 3n - 3 and minimum D-eccentricity is Hence the D-radius is and the D-diameter is 3n - 3 if n is odd.

Case 2: When n is even, the D-distance in Pn are as below

 
0 4 7 3n-5 3n-3
4 0 5 3n-7 3n-5
7 5 0 3n-10 3n-7
0 5 8 11
5 0 5 8
8 5 0 5
11 8 5 0
3n-5 3n-7 3n-10 0 4
3n-3 3n-5 3n-7 4 0

Table 4. D-eccentricities are

Thus the maximum D-eccentricity of Pn is 3n - 3 and minimum D-eccentricity is Hence the D-radius is and the D-diameter is 3n - 3 if n is even.

Theorem 3.5: For wheel graph, Wn,1 , with n + 1 vertices we have and for n ≥ 6. Further we have

Proof: For Thus the D-eccentricity of every vertex is 7. Hence the D-radius and Ddiameter of W3,1 is 7 ( and hence W3,1 is self-centered ).

For if vi is central vertex and or 11, if vi is not central vertex. Thus the Deccentricity central vertex is 8 and the D-eccentricity of other vertices is 11. hence the D-radius of W4,1 is 8 and Ddiameter of W4,1 is 11.

For if vi is central vertex and or 11, if i v is not central vertex. Thus the Deccentricity central vertex is 9 and the D-eccentricity of other vertices is 11. hence the D-radius of W5,1 is 9 and Ddiameter of W5,1 is 11.

In wheel graph Wn,1 degree of central vertex is n and degree of remaining vertices is 3. Thus D-eccentricity of central vertex is n + 4 and D-eccentricity of remaining vertices is n + 8 for n ≥ 6. Thus the D-radius of Wn,1 is n + 4 and Ddiameter of Wn,1 is n + 8 for n ≥ 6.

References

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