Research & Reviews in BioSciences
ISSN 0974-7532

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Green-algae

Green algae, members of the Chlorophyta , comprising between 9,000 and 12,000 species. The photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls a and b, carotene, and xanthophyll) are within the same proportions as those in higher plants. The typical green algal cell, which can be motile or nonmotile, has a central vacuole, pigments contained in plastids that vary in shape in different species, and a two-layered cellulose and pectin cell wall. Food is stored as starch in pyrenoids (proteinaceous cores within the plastids). Green algae, variable in size and shape, include single-celled (Chlamydomonas, desmids), colonial (Hydrodictyon, Volvox), filamentous (Spirogyra, Cladophora), and tubular (Actebularia, Caulerpa) forms. Sexual reproduction is common, with gametes that have two or four flagella. Asexual reproduction is by cellular division (Protococcus), motile or nonmotile spores (Ulothrix, Oedogonium), and fragmentation. Most chlorophyte occur in water , usually attached to submerged rocks and wood or as scum on stagnant water; there also are terrestrial and marine species. Free-floating microscopic species function food and oxygen sources for aquatic organisms. Green algae also are important within the evolutionary study of plants; the single-celled Chlamydomonas is taken into account almost like the ancestral form that probably gave rise to land plants. 

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